4G

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).[1]

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.

4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006[2] and 2009[3][4][5] respectively. The ITU announced in December 2010 that WiMax, LTE, and HSPA+ are 4G technologies.[6]

IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."[7]

As seen below, in all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes. This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.

 Background
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, higher spectral bandwidth and new frequency bands. New generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.
The fastest 3G based standard in the WCDMA family is the HSPA+ standard, which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without MIMO, i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22 Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.

RequirementsIn mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for what standards that should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market only brands some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), but not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements:[8]

    * Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
    * Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITU requirements.
    * Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell.
    * Scalable channel bandwidth 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.[9][9][10]
    * Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
    * System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.[9]
    * Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
    * Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[11] Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:

    * LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
    * 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

Present implementations of WiMAX and LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will offer a considerable boost while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced by the ITU, but are still far from being implemented.[8]

The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[12] LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[13]

Current LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.

Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as 4G but which are actually current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with "real" 4G technologies.

While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[14] for inclusion in the ITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced program), which is focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.[citation needed] This working party’s objective was not to comment on today’s 4G being rolled out in the United States and in fact, the Working Party itself purposely agreed not to tie their IMT-Advanced work to the term 4G, recognizing its common use in industry already; however, the ITU’s PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G anyway when issuing their press release.[citation needed]

The ITU’s purpose is to foster the global use of communications.[citation needed] The ITU is relied upon by developing countries,[citation needed] for example, who want to be assured a technology is standardised and likely to be widely deployed. While the ITU has developed recommendations on IMT-Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU member countries.

3.5G

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)[1] is an amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA protocols. A further 3GPP standard, Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA+), was released late in 2008 with subsequent adoption worldwide beginning in 2010.

Overview
 HSPA supports increased peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s in the downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s in the uplink. It also reduces latency and provides up to five times more system capacity in the downlink and up to twice as much system capacity in the uplink, reducing the production cost per bit compared to original WCDMA protocols. HSPA increases peak data rates and capacity in several ways:

    * Shared-channel transmission, which results in efficient use of available code and power resources in WCDMA
    * A shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI), which reduces round-trip time and improves the tracking of fast channel variations
    * Link adaptation, which maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate at close to maximum cell power
    * Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions
    * Fast retransmission and soft-combining, which further increase capacity
    * 16QAM and 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which yields higher bit-rates
    * MIMO, which exploits antenna diversity to provide further capacity benefits.

By July 2010, HSPA had been commercially deployed by over 200 operators in more than 80 countries.

Many HSPA rollouts can be achieved by a software upgrade to existing 3G networks, giving HSPA a headstart over WiMAX, which requires a dedicated network infrastructure. A rich variety of HSPA enabled devices - more than 1000 available by July 2010 - together with ease of use is leading to rising sales of HSPA-enabled mobiles and is helping to drive the adoption of HSPA.

Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
Evolved HSPA (also known as: HSPA Evolution, HSPA+, I-HSPA or Internet HSPA) is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 and 8 of the WCDMA specification. Evolved HSPA provides data rates up to 84 Mbit/s in the downlink and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink (per 5 MHz carrier) with multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) technologies and higher order modulation. On 21 July 2010, T-Mobile USA announced HSPA+ service to 50 markets with plans to increase this to 100 markets (185 million people) by the end of the year

3G

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.

The following standards are typically branded 3G:

    * the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
          o The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
          o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China.
          o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

    * the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.
The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. Its evolution LTE Advanced is a 4G technology. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.

History

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan, branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology.[8] The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[9][10] broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.
The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.
The network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.
The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.[12] AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA.
The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere[dubious – discuss] was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in March 2003.

Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa.

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first – Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.[13] In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

2G

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.[1] Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.

 2G Technologi
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
  * GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]
    * IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
    * PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
    * iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada
    * IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United States.

1G AMPS

IS-54 and IS-136 are second-generation (2G) mobile phone systems, known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS). It was once prevalent throughout the Americas, particularly in the United States and Canada. D-AMPS is considered end-of-life, and existing networks have mostly been replaced by GSM/GPRS or CDMA2000 technologies.
This system is most often referred to as TDMA. That name is based on the acronym for time division multiple access, a common multiple access technique which is used by multiple protocols, including GSM, as well as in IS-54 and IS-136. However, D-AMPS has been competing against GSM and systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA) for adoption by the network carriers, although it is now being phased out in favor of GSM/GPRS and CDMA2000 technology.
D-AMPS uses existing AMPS channels and allows for smooth transition between digital and analog systems in the same area. Capacity was increased over the preceding analog design by dividing each 30 kHz channel pair into three time slots (hence time division) and digitally compressing the voice data, yielding three times the call capacity in a single cell. A digital system also made calls more secure because analog scanners could not access digital signals. Calls were encrypted, although the algorithm used (CMEA) was later found to be weak.
IS-136 added a number of features to the original IS-54 specification, including text messaging, circuit switched data (CSD), and an improved compression protocol. SMS and CSD were both available as part of the GSM protocol, and IS-136 implemented them in a nearly identical fashion.
Former large IS-136 networks included AT&T in the United States, and Rogers Wireless in Canada. AT&T and Rogers Wireless have upgraded their existing IS-136 networks to GSM/GPRS. Rogers Wireless removed all 1900 MHz IS-136 in 2003, and has done the same with its 800 MHz spectrum as the equipment failed. Rogers deactivated its IS-136 network (along with AMPS) on May 31, 2007. AT&T soon followed in February 2008, shutting down both TDMA and AMPS.
Alltel, who primarily uses CDMA2000 technology but acquired a TDMA network from Western Wireless, shut down its TDMA and AMPS networks in September 2008. US Cellular, which now also primarily uses CDMA2000 technology, shut down its TDMA network in February 2009.
IS-54 is the first mobile communication system which had provision for security, and the first to employ TDMA technology

HISTORY 

The evolution of mobile communication has been almost wholly in 3 different geographic regions. The standards that were born in these regions were quite independent. The 3 regions are North America, Europe and Japan. The earlier mobile or wireless technologies were wholly analog and are collectively known as 1st Generation (1G) technologies. In Japan, the 1G standards were Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the high capacity version of it (Hicap). The European systems were not common and the ‘European Union’ viewpoint that is visible in the later technologies was absent. Various 1G standards that were in use in Europe include C-Netz (in Germany and Austria), Comviq (in Sweden), Nordic Mobile Telephones/450 (NMT450) and NMT900 (both in Nordic countries), NMT-F (French version of NMT900), Radiocom 2000 (RC2000) (in France), and TACS(Total Access Communication System) (in the United Kingdom and Ireland). North American standards were Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Narrow-band AMPS (N-AMPS).
Out of the 1G standards, the most successful was the AMPS system[citation needed]. Despite the Nordic countries' cooperation, European engineering efforts were divided among the various standards, and the Japanese standards did not get much attention. Developed by Bell Labs in the 1970s and first used commercially in the United States in 1983, AMPS operates in the 800 MHz band in the United States and is the most widely distributed analog cellular standard. (The 1900 MHz PCS band, established in 1994, is for digital operation only.) The success of AMPS kick-started the mobile age in the North America.
The market showed an increasing demand because it had higher capacity and mobility than the then existing mobile communication standards. For instance, the Bell Labs system in the 1970s could carry only 12 calls at a time throughout all of New York City. AMPS used Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA which meant each cell site would transmit on different frequencies, allowing many cell sites to be built near each other.
However, AMPS had many disadvantages too. Primarily, it did not have the potential to support the increasing demand for mobile communication usage. Each cell site did not have much capacity for carrying higher numbers of calls. It also had a poor security system which allowed people to steal a phone's serial code to use for making illegal calls. All of these triggered the search for a more capable system.
The quest resulted in IS-54, the first American 2G standard. In March 1990, the North American cellular network incorporated the IS-54B standard, the first North American dual mode digital cellular standard. This standard won over Motorola's Narrowband AMPS or N-AMPS, an analog scheme that increased capacity by cutting down voice channels from 30 kHz to 10 kHz. IS-54, on the other hand, increased capacity by digital means using TDMA protocols. This method separates calls by time, placing parts of individual conversations on the same frequency, one after the next. TDMA tripled call capacity.
Using IS-54, a cellular carrier could convert any of its system's analog voice channels to digital. A dual mode phone uses digital channels where available and defaults to regular AMPS where they are not. IS-54 was, in fact, backward compatible with analog cellular and indeed co-exists on the same radio channels as AMPS. No analog customers were left behind; they simply could not access IS-54's new features. IS-54 also supported authentication, a help in preventing fraud.
 


Tecnhologi Spesification

 IS-54 employs the same 30 kHz channel spacing and frequency bands (824-849 and 869-894 MHz) as AMPS. Capacity was increased over the preceding analog design by dividing each 30 kHz channel pair into three time slots and digitally compressing the voice data, yielding three times the call capacity in a single cell. A digital system also made calls more secure because analog scanners could not access digital signals.
The IS-54 standard specifies 84 control channels, 42 of which are shared with AMPS. To maintain compatibility with the existing AMPS cellular telephone system, the primary forward and reverse control channels in IS-54 cellular systems use the same signaling techniques and modulation scheme (binary FSK) as AMPS. An AMPS/IS-54 infrastructure can support use of either analog AMPS phones or D-AMPS phones.
The access method used for IS-54 is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), which was the first U.S. digital standard to be developed. It was adopted by the TIA in 1992. TDMA subdivides each of the 30 kHz AMPS channels into 3 full-rate TDMA channels, each of which is capable of supporting a single voice call. Later, each of these full-rate channels was further sub-divided into two half-rate channels, each of which, with the necessary coding and compression, could also support a voice call. Thus, TDMA could provide 3 to 6 times the capacity of AMPS traffic channels. Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA was initially defined by the IS-54 standard and is now specified in the IS-13x series of specifications of the EIA/TIA.
The channel transmission bit rate for digitally modulating the carrier is 48.6 kbit/s. Each frame has six time slots of 6.67-ms duration. Each time slot carries 324 bits of information, of which 260 bits are for the 13-kbit/s full-rate traffic data. The other 64 bits are overhead; 28 of these are for synchronization, and they contain a specific bit sequence known by all receivers to establish frame alignment. Also, as with GSM, the known sequence acts as a training pattern to initialize an adaptive equalizer.
The IS-54 system has different synchronization sequences for each of the six time slots making up the frame, thereby allowing each receiver to synchronize to its own preassigned time slots. An additional 12 bits in every time slot are for the SACCH (i.e., system control information). The digital verification color code (DVCC) is the equivalent of the supervisory audio tone used in the AMPS system. There are 256 different 8-bit color codes, which are protected by a (12, 8, 3) Hamming code. Each base station has its own preassigned color code, so any incoming interfering signals from distant cells can be ignored.
The modulation scheme for IS-54 is 7C/4 differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK), otherwise known as differential 7t/4 4-PSK or π/4 DQPSK. This technique allows a bit rate of 48.6 kbit/s with 30 kHz channel spacing, to give a bandwidth efficiency of 1.62 bit/s/Hz. This value is 20% better than GSM. The major disadvantage with this type of linear modulation method is the power inefficiency, which translates into a heavier hand-held portable and, even more inconvenient, a shorter time between battery recharges.
IS-54 security features is also a matter of interest as it was the first standard to specify some security measures. IS-54 uses the CAVE (Cellular Authentication, Voice Privacy and Encryption) algorithm for authentication and the CMEA (Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm) for encryption.

Mobile Frequency Range         : Rx: 869-894 MHz; Tx: 824-849 MHz
Multiple Access Method         : TDMA/FDM
Duplex Method                          : FDD
Number of Channels                  : 832 (3 users per channel)
Channel Spacing/Bandwidth    : 30 kHz
Modulation                                 : π/4 DQPSK
Channel Bit Rate                        : 48.6 kbit/s
Spectrum Efficiency                  : 1.62 bit/s/Hz
Equalizer                                     : Unspecified
Interleaving                                : 2 slot interleaver

Pc Tablet

Tablet PC adalah laptop  atau komputer portable berbentuk buku. Memiliki layar sentuh atau teknologi tablet digital yang memungkinkan pengguna komputer mempergunakan stylus atau pulpen digital selain keyboardmouse komputer. ataupun

Istilah ini dipopulerkan oleh Microsoft pada tahun 2001, tetapi PC tablet sekarang mengacu pada setiap komputer pribadi yang berukuran tablet, pun jika tidak menggunakan Windows melainkan sistem operasi PC yang lain. Tablet dapat menggunakan papan ketik virtual dan pengenalan tulisan tangan untuk input teks melalui layar sentuh.

SEJARAH PC Tablet

Sebelum tahun 1950

1888: US Paten diberikan kepada Elisa Gray pada perangkat stylus listrik untuk menangkap tulisan tangan.

1915: US Patent pada antarmuka pengguna pengenalan tulisan tangan dengan stylus.

1942: US Patent di layar sentuh untuk masukan tulisan tangan.

1945: Vannevar Bush mengusulkan Memek, data pengarsipan perangkat termasuk input tulisan tangan, dalam esai As We May Think

1950: Tom Dimond menunjukkan tablet Styalator elektronik dengan pena untuk input komputer dan perangkat lunak untuk pengenalan tulisan tangan teks secara real-time.

RAND Tablet ditemukan. RAND Tablet lebih dikenal daripada Styalator, namun diciptakan kemudian.

Akhir 1960-an

Alan Kay dari Xerox PARC mengusulkan sebuah komputer notebook, dapat menggunakan input pena, yang disebut Dynabook: namun perangkat ini tidak pernah dibangun atau diimplementasikan dengan input pena.

1966: Dalam serial televisi fiksi ilmiah Star Trek, awak kapal membawa, papan penjepit elektronik besar berbentuk baji, dioperasikan melalui penggunaan stylus.

1982: Pencept dari Waltham, Massachusetts memasarkan terminal komputer untuk tujuan yang umum (general-purpose) menggunakan tablet dan pengenalan tulisan tangan, bukan papan ketik dan mouse. Sistem Cadre memasarkan terminal point-of-sale Inforite yang menggunakan pengenalan tulisan tangan dan sebuah tablet dan pena elektronik kecil.

1985: Pencept dan CIC sama-sama menawarkan komputer PC untuk pasar konsumen menggunakan tablet dan pengenalan tulisan tangan, bukan keyboard dan mouse. Sistem operasi adalah MS-DOS.

1989: Komputer portabel komersial pertama yang tersedia dalam tipe tablet adalah GRiDPad dari GRID Systems dirilis pada bulan September. The GridPad diproduksi oleh Samsung, dimodifikasi dari PenMaster Samsung yang tidak pernah berhasil mencapai distribusi komersial. Sistem operasinya didasarkan pada MS-DOS. Wang Laboratories memperkenalkan Freestyle. Freestyle adalah sebuah aplikasi yang akan melakukan screen capture dari aplikasi MS-DOS, dan membiarkan pengguna menambahkan penjelasan suara dan tulisan tangan. Freestyle adalah pendahulu canggih yang kemudian dicatat sebagai aplikasi untuk sistem seperti PC Tablet. Sistem operasinya adalah MS-DOS Dalam kemitraan dengan Fujitsu, Poqet Computer Corporation mengumumkan kedatangan PC Poqet.

Tahun 1990-an

1991: Pentop momentum ini dirilis. GO Corporation mengumumkan sistem operasi khusus, yang disebut PenPoint OS, menampilkan kontrol dari desktop sistem operasi melalui isyarat bentuk tulisan tangan. NCR merilis komputer pena model 3125 yang menjalankan MS-DOS, OS atau Pen Penpoint Windows. Apple Newton memasuki perkembangannya, walaupun akhirnya menjadi sebuah PDA, konsep aslinya mirip piranti keras dari sebuah PC Tablet.

1992: GO Corporation mengirimkan OS PenPoint untuk ketersediaan yang umum dan IBM mengumumkan komputer pena IBM 2125 (model IBM pertama bernama "ThinkPad") pada bulan April. Microsoft merilis Windows for Pen Computing sebagai respon untuk OS PenPoint oleh GO Corporation.

1993: Fujitsu merilis PC tablet Poqet pena pertama yang menggunakan LAN nirkabel terintegrasi. Apple Computer mengumumkan Newton PDA, juga dikenal sebagai MessagePad Apple, yang meliputi pengenalan tulisan tangan dengan stylus. IBM merilis ThinkPad, komputer portabel tablet komersial pertama dari IBM yang tersedia untuk pasar konsumen. AT & T memperkenalkan EO Personal Communicator menggabungkan PenPoint dengan komunikasi nirkabel. BellSouth merilis IBM Simon Personal Communicator, sebuah ponsel analog menggunakan tampilan dan layar sentuh. Ponsel ini tidak mendukung fitur pengenalan tulisan tangan, tapi pengguna dapat menulis pesan dan mengirimnya sebagai faks pada jaringan ponsel analog, termasuk fitur PDA dan Email.

1999: "QBE" pena komputer diciptakan oleh Aqcess Technologies memenangkan Best Show COMDEX.

Tahun 2000-an

2000: PaceBlade mengembangkan perangkat pertama yang memenuhi standar Microsoft Tablet PC dan menerima penghargaan piranti keras terbaik di VAR Visi 2000. Pena komputer "QBE Vivo" yang dibuat oleh Aqcess Technology mendapatkan Best of Show COMDEX.

2001: Bill Gates dari Microsoft menunjukkan prototipe publik pertama dari sebuah PC Tablet (didefinisikan oleh Microsoft sebagai pena-komputer memungkinkan sesuai dengan spesifikasi piranti keras yang dibuat oleh Microsoft dan menjalankan salinan lisensi dari sistem operasi "Windows XP Tablet PC Edition") di COMDEX.

2003: PaceBlade menerima penghargaan "Innovation des Jahres 2002/2003" untuk PC Tablet PaceBook dari PC Magazine Professionell di Cebit Fingerworks mengembangkan teknologi sentuhan dan gerakan sentuhan yang kemudian digunakan di iPhone Apple.

2006: Samsung memperkenalkan Samsung Q1 UMPC. Windows Vista dirilis untuk ketersediaan umum. Vista termasuk fungsi Tablet PC edisi khusus dari Windows XP. Di Disney Channel Original Movie, Read It and Weep, Jamie menggunakan Tablet PC untuk jurnalnya.

2007: Axiotron memperkenalkan Modbook, komputer (dan hanya) tablet pertama berdasarkan piranti keras Mac dan Mac OS X di Macworld.

2008: Pada bulan April 2008, sebagai bagian dari kasus pengadilan federal yang lebih besar, fitur gerak tubuh sistem operasi dan piranti keras Windows/Tablet PC ditemukan melanggar paten oleh GO Corp tentang user interface untuk sistem operasi komputer pena. Akuisisi teknologi Microsoft adalah subyek dari tuntutan hukum yang terpisah. HP merilis tablet Multi-Touch kedua: HP TouchSmart seri tx2.

2009: Asus mengumumkan sebuah netbook tablet, EEE PC T91 dan T91MT, yang terakhir yang dilengkapi dengan layar multi-sentuh. Always Innovating mengumumkan netbook tablet baru dengan CPU ARM. Motion Computing meluncurkan J3400.

2010: MobileDemand meluncurkan T7000 xTablet Rugged Tablet PC yang menjalankan OS Windows dan fitur lengkap meliputi papan ketik numerik yang terintegrasi, barcode scanner, credit card reader, dll Apple memperkenalkan iPad, menjalankan Apple iOS. Sistem Quaduro memperkenalkan 10 "QuadPad 3G Plus, 900 gram Microsoft Windows berbasis 3G tablet PC dengan 8 jam masa pakai baterai. Samsung memperkenalkan Galaxy Tab, menjalankan Google Android. bModo meluncurkan bModo12 yang menjalankan Windows 7 OS dan fitur termasuk TFT-LCD 11,6", 3G, Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth ® 2.1, USB 2.0, slot SDHC, slot kartu SIM yang tidak terkunci, konektor miniHDMI, OMTP Jack, webcam, mic, dll Neofonie melepaskan WeTab, tablet PC untuk menulis berbasis MeeGo, menampilkan layar multi-sentuh 11,6 inci pada resolusi 1366 × 768 piksel. Dixons Retail plc memperkenalkan Vega Advent, tablet PC 10" yang menjalankan Android 2.2, memiliki chipset Tegra NVIDIA 1 GHz, RAM dan ROM 512 Mb, kamera 1,3 MP, WiFi dengan konektivitas b/g, Bluetooth 2.1, slot kartu micro SD , USB port dan daya tahan baterai hingga 16 jam untuk pemutaran audio dan 6,5 jam untuk video 1080p. Dell Inspiron mengumumkan Netbook flip Duo Layar dan Tablet PC hibrida HP merilis Slate 500, yang menjalankan versi penuh Windows 7

2011: Motorola mengumumkan Xoom Tablet, tablet 10 inci yang didukung oleh versi Android 3.0 yang akan datang, yaitu Honeycomb Asus EEE mengumumkan memo pad (tablet 7 inci), EEE Slate EP121 (tablet Windows 7), EEE Pad Transformer (tablet 10 inch dengan Android) dan EEE Pad Slider (tablet 10 inch dengan layar geser atas, keyboard QWERTY) [semua tablet menggunakan tampilan IPS] Dell menampilkan yang tablet Streak 7 dan mengatakan itu bekerja pada Streak 10 inci 10 Apple mengumumkan 2 iPad

Produsen PC Tablet yang beredar di Indonesia :

1. Blackberry playbook

2. Samsung Galaxy

3. Ipad

4. LG (optimus pad)

5. Huwawei

6. Lenovo

7. Tohsiba

8. EFUN

9. Sunrex

dan lain sebagainya yg tidak di sebutkan satu per satu.

Spesifikasi BlackBerry Playbook :

• 7-inch LCD, 1024 x 600, WSVGA, layar sentuh capacitive touch screen juga multi-touch dan support gesture (gerakan)
• BlackBerry Tablet OS with support for symmetric multiprocessing
• 1 GHz dual-core processor
• 1 GB RAM
• Dual HD cameras (3 MP front facing, 5 MP rear facing), supports 1080p HD video recording
• Video playback: 1080p HD Video, H.264, MPEG, DivX, WMV
• Audio playback: MP3, AAC, WMA
• HDMI video output
• Wi-Fi – 802.11 a/b/g/n
• Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
• Connectors: microHDMI, microUSB, charging contacts
• Open, flexible application platform with support for WebKit/HTML-5, Adobe Flash Player 10.1, Adobe Mobile AIR, Adobe Reader, POSIX, OpenGL, Java
• Ultra thin and portable:
• Measures 5.1″x7.6″x0.4″ (130mm x 193mm x 10mm)
• Weighs less than a pound (approximately 0.9 lb or 400g)
• RIM intends to also offer 3G and 4G models in the future

 Feture Software pada BlackBarry Playbook

Piranti lunak PlayBook mendukung Flash 10.1, WebKit dan HTML 5, OpenGL (untuk grafis 3D seperti pada game), Adobe Mobile AIR, Adobe Reader, Java, POSIX dan BlackBerry WebWorks.

Media yang bisa diputar di PlayBook termasuk video hingga resolusi 1080p High Definition. Formatnya, mencakup H.264, MPEG, DivX dan WMV. Sedangkan audionya mencakup MP3, AAC dan WMA.

Sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org

http://warungponsel.blogspot.com

http://www.tabloidpcplus.com

Pengembangan Teknologi Mobile